上阳网配资在被AI警察判定为仅面临中等风险后，西班牙女孩莉娜遇害了_the_VioG_has

今年一月上阳网配资，莉娜（Lina）向警方报案。

她的前伴侣一直在西班牙海滨小镇贝纳尔马德纳（Benalmádena）的家中威胁她。据称，那天他举起手，好像要打她。

「曾经发生过暴力事件——她很害怕。」莉娜的表弟丹尼尔（Daniel）回忆道。

她到警察局接受了问询，案件被登记在VioGén（性别暴力再犯风险综合监测）系统中，这是一种评估女性再次被同一男子袭击可能性的数字工具。

VioGén是一个基于算法的系统，它会询问35个关于虐待及其强度、施虐者是否有武器、他的心理健康以及女性是否已经或正在考虑终止这段关系的问题。

然后，系统将就她面临的威胁记录为「可忽略」、「低」、「中」、「高」或「极端」。

有关类别用于决定如何分配警力资源来保护妇女。

展开剩余95%

莉娜被认为处于「中等」风险。

她向马拉加专门的性别暴力法庭申请了限制令，以便她的前伴侣不能与她联系或与她共享生活空间。该请求被拒绝。

「莉娜想要更换家里的锁，这样她就可以和孩子们平静地生活。」她的表弟说。

三周后，她死了。她的伴侣据称使用钥匙进入她的公寓，随后房子着火了。

虽然她的孩子、母亲和前伴侣都逃了出来，但莉娜没有。据报道，她11岁的儿子告诉警方，父亲杀害了母亲。

莉娜的遗体从被烧焦的家中被发现。她的前伴侣，也就是她最小的三个孩子的父亲，被捕了。

现在，她的死亡引发了对VioGén及其在西班牙保护女性安全能力的质疑。

VioGén is an algorithm-based system that asks 35 questions about the abuse and its intensity, whether the abuser is armed, his mental health and whether the woman has or is considering ending the relationship.

The system then records the threat she faces as "negligible", "low", "medium", "high" or "extreme".

The categories are used to decide how to allocate police resources to protect women.

Lina was considered at "medium" risk.

She applied for a restraining order from Malaga's specialized gender violence court so that her ex-partner could not contact her or share living space with her. The request was rejected.

"Lina wanted to change the locks on her home so she could live in peace with her children," her cousin said.

Three weeks later, she was dead. Her partner allegedly used a key to enter her apartment, which then caught fire.

While her children, mother and ex-partner escaped, Lina did not. Her 11-year-old son reportedly told police that his father had killed his mother.

Lina's body was recovered from her burnt home. Her former partner, the father of her youngest three children, was arrested.

Now her death has raised questions about Vio Gén and his ability to keep women safe in Spain.

VioGén未能准确预测对莉娜的威胁。

作为被认定为面临「中等」风险的女性，按照规定，她应在30天内由指定的警官再次跟进。

但莉娜在此之前就已经去世。如果她被评为面临「高」风险，警方会在一周内跟进。这是否会对莉娜产生影响？

北美和整个欧洲都使用工具来评估再次遭受家庭暴力威胁的风险。在英国，一些警察使用DARA（家庭暴力风险评估），而这本质上是一个清单。警察或例如社工在内的其他人都可以使用DASH（针对家庭虐待、跟踪、骚扰和基于荣誉的暴力个案的评估）来评估再次发生攻击的风险。

只有在西班牙，算法才如此紧密地融入警察实践。 VioGén由西班牙警察和学者开发。除了巴斯克地区和加泰罗尼亚，其他地方都使用这个系统。尽管巴斯克地区和加泰罗尼亚有不同的系统，但该国各地警察都有合作。

VioGén failed to accurately predict the threat to Lina.

As a woman identified as facing a “medium” risk, she was supposed to follow up with a designated officer within 30 days.

But Lina died before that. If she had been rated as facing a “high” risk上阳网配资, the police would have followed up within a week. Would this have made a difference to Lina?

Tools are used in North America and across Europe to assess the risk of another threat of domestic violence. In the UK, some police forces use DARA (Domestic Violence Risk Assessment), which is essentially a checklist. Police or others, such as social workers, can use DASH (Assessment of Individual Cases of Domestic Abuse, Stalking, Harassment and Honour-Based Violence) to assess the risk of another attack.

Only in Spain are algorithms so tightly integrated into police practice. VioGén was developed by Spanish police and academics. It is used everywhere except in the Basque Country and Catalonia. Although the Basque Country and Catalonia have different systems, police forces across the country work together.

马拉加的国家警察家庭和妇女部门负责人伊莎贝尔·埃斯佩霍（Isabel Espejo）形容VioGén「超级重要」。

她说：「它帮助我们非常精确地追踪每位受害者的案件。」

她的警官每天处理平均10起性别暴力报告。每个月，VioGén都会将9到10名女性归类为面临再次受害和「极度」风险的女性。

这些案件所涉及的资源是巨大的：为一名妇女提供24小时的警方保护，直到情况改变、风险降低为止。被评估为高风险的女性可能得到警官的护送。

2014年的一项研究发现，警官在95%的情况下都接受VioGén对再次虐待受害可能性的评估。批评者认为，警方将有关女性安全的决策权交给了算法。

埃斯佩霍表示，该算法对风险的计算通常是足够的。但她承认，尽管莉娜的案件不在自己的指挥范围内，但对莉娜的评估出了问题。

「我不会说VioGén不会失败——它确实会。但这不是导致这名女性被谋杀的导火线。唯一的罪魁祸首是杀害莉娜的凶手。绝对的安全根本不存在。」她说。

但在「中等」风险下，莉娜从未成为警察的优先事项。莉娜的VioGén评估是否影响了法院拒绝她对前伴侣的限制令申请的决定？

Isabel Espejo, head of the national police’s family and women’s unit in Malaga, describes VioGén as “super important.”

“It helps us track each victim’s case very precisely,” she says.

Her officers deal with an average of 10 reports of gender-based violence a day. Every month, VioGén classifies nine to 10 women as at risk of revictimization and “extreme.”

HTTPs://mip.ramtsau.coM

The resources involved in these cases are enormous: a woman is provided with 24-hour police protection until the situation changes and the risk is reduced. Women assessed as high risk may be escorted by officers.

A 2014 study found that officers accepted VioGén’s assessment of the likelihood of revictimization 95% of the time. Critics argue that the police are handing over decisions about women’s safety to an algorithm.

Espejo says the algorithm’s calculations of risk are generally adequate. But she acknowledges that something went wrong with Lina’s assessment, even though her case was not under her command.

“I’m not going to say VioGén doesn’t fail – it does. But it wasn’t the trigger that led to this woman’s murder. The only culprit was Lina’s killer. Absolute safety doesn’t exist,” she said.

But at “medium” risk, Lina was never a priority for police. Did Lina’s VioGén assessment influence the court’s decision to reject her application for a restraining order against her ex-partner?

法院当局没有允许我们见法官，该法官驳回了莉娜针对其前伴侣的禁令诉求。莉娜死后，其前伴侣在社交媒体上遭到攻击。

相反，马拉加的另一位性别暴力法官玛丽亚·德尔卡门·古铁雷斯（Maria del Carmen Gutiérrez）笼统地告诉我们，这样的命令需要两样东西：犯罪证据和对受害者造成严重危险的威胁。

「VioGén是我用来评估这种危险的一个因素，但远非唯一的因素。」她说。

法官表示，有时候，当VioGén评估某位女性的风险「可忽略」或「低」时，她会发出限制令。在其他情况下，她可能会得出结论，认为再次受害风险「中等」或「高」的女性不会面临危险。

塞维利亚大学（University of Seville）犯罪学家胡安·何塞·梅迪纳（Juan Jose Medina）博士表示，西班牙对申请限制令的女性实行邮政编码抽签制度——某些司法管辖区比其他地区更有可能批准这些申请。但我们通常不知道VioGén如何影响法庭或警察，因为尚未进行相关研究。

他说：「警察和其他利益相关者如何使用这个工具，它如何影响他们的决策？我们还没有好的答案。」

Court authorities did not allow us to see the judge who dismissed Lina’s request for an injunction against her former partner, who was attacked on social media after Lina’s death.

Instead, another gender-based violence judge in Malaga, Maria del Carmen Gutiérrez, told us in general terms that such an order requires two things: evidence of a crime and a threat of serious danger to the victim.

“VioGén is one factor I use to assess that danger, but it is far from the only one,” she said.

HTTPs://mip.mkwyxqq.coM

The judge said that sometimes she will issue a restraining order when VioGén assesses a woman’s risk to be “negligible” or “low.” In other cases, she may conclude that a woman with a “medium” or “high” risk of revictimization is not at risk.

Spain uses a postcode lottery system for women who apply for restraining orders — some jurisdictions are more likely to grant them than others, said Dr. Juan Jose Medina, a criminologist at the University of Seville. But we generally don’t know how VioGén will impact the courts or police because studies haven’t been done on it.

“We don’t have good answers yet about how police and other stakeholders are using this tool and how it’s impacting their decision-making,” he said.

西班牙内政部通常不允许学者存取VioGén的数据。并且尚未对该算法进行过独立审计。

「埃蒂卡斯」（Eticas）是一个致力于研究科技的社会和道德影响的组织，其创始人杰玛·加尔登（Gemma Galdon）表示，如果不审查这些系统，你就无法知道它们是否真正为合适的女性提供了警察保护。

其他地方的算法存在偏见的例子已经有很多记录。在美国，2016年对一个累犯工具的分析发现，黑人被告比白人更有可能被错误地判定为重犯风险较高。同时，白人被告比黑人更有可能被错误地标记为低风险。

2018年，西班牙内政部没有批准埃蒂卡斯进行保密的内部审计的提案。因此，杰玛·加尔登和她的同事决定对VioGén进行逆向工程，并进行外部审计。

他们采访了遭受家庭暴力的女性幸存者，并利用了公开信息，包括司法部门关于像莉娜一样被杀害的女性的数据。

他们发现，2003年至2021年间，有71名被伴侣或前伴侣杀害的女性曾向警方报告过家庭暴力事件。 VioGén系统所记录的风险等级为「可忽略」或「中等」。

杰玛·加尔登问道：「我们想知道的是，这些错误率是否无法透过任何方式降低？或者我们可以采取一些措施来改进这些系统的风险分配，从而更好地保护这些女性？」

Spain’s interior ministry generally doesn’t allow academics to access VioGén’s data. And the algorithm hasn’t been independently audited.

Gemma Galdon, founder of Eticas, an organization dedicated to studying the social and ethical impact of technology, said that without reviewing these systems, you can’t know whether they are actually providing police protection to the right women.

Examples of algorithmic bias elsewhere are well documented. In the United States, a 2016 analysis of a recidivism tool found that black defendants were more likely than white people to be wrongly judged as having a higher risk of reoffending. White defendants, meanwhile, were more likely than black people to be wrongly labeled as low risk.

In 2018, Spain’s interior ministry did not approve Eticas’s proposal for a confidential internal audit. So Gemma Galdon and her colleagues decided to reverse engineer VioGén and conduct an external audit.

HTTPs://mip.szvjcma.coM

They interviewed female survivors of domestic violence and drew on publicly available information, including justice department data on women who have been killed, like Lina.

They found that 71 women who were killed by their partners or ex-partners between 2003 and 2021 had reported domestic violence to police. The risk levels recorded by the VioGén system were either "negligible" or "moderate."

"What we want to know is, are these error rates not something that can be reduced in any way? Or is there something we can do to improve the risk allocation of these systems and better protect these women?" Gemma Gardon asked.

西班牙内政部性别暴力研究负责人胡安·何塞·洛佩斯-奥索里奥（Juan José López-Ossorio）对道德调查不屑一顾，称该调查并非使用VioGén数据进行。他说：「如果你无法访问数据，你怎么能解读它呢？」

他对外部审计持谨慎态度，担心这可能会危及已报案女性的安全和VioGén的程序。

洛佩兹-奥索里奥说：「我们知道的是，一旦女性举报了男性，并且受到警方的保护，再次发生暴力的可能性就会大大降低，我们对此毫不怀疑。」

自从VioGén在西班牙推出以来，它已经有所改进。问卷已经被精炼，「可忽略」风险类别即将被取消。甚至批评者也同意，建立一套标准化的系统来应对性别暴力是有意义的。

在贝纳尔马德纳，莉娜的家已经成为一个悼念之地。

台阶上放置了鲜花、蜡烛和圣人的照片。墙上贴着一张小海报，上面写着：贝纳尔马德纳对性别暴力说不。社区为莉娜的孩子筹集了资金。

她的堂兄丹尼尔说，大家至今仍对她的死讯感到震惊。

Juan José López-Ossorio, head of gender-based violence research at Spain’s interior ministry, dismissed the ethics of the survey, saying it was not conducted using VioGén data. “If you don’t have access to the data, how can you interpret it?” he said.

He is wary of an external audit, fearing it could compromise the safety of women who have reported crimes and VioGén’s procedures.

“What we know is that once a woman has reported a man and they have protection from the police, the likelihood of violence recurring is significantly reduced, we have no doubt about that,” López-Ossorio said.

Since VioGén was launched in Spain, it has improved. The questionnaire has been refined, and the “negligible” risk category is about to be dropped. Even critics agree that it makes sense to have a standardized system to respond to gender-based violence.

In Benalmádena, Lina’s home has become a place of mourning.

Flowers, candles and pictures of saints have been placed on the steps. A small poster on the wall reads: Benalmádena says no to gender violence. The community has raised money for Lina's children.

Her cousin Daniel says everyone is still shocked by her death.

「这个家庭已经被毁了——尤其是莉娜的母亲，」他说。

「她已经82岁了。我认为没有什么比女儿被攻击者杀害更悲惨的了上阳网配资，这本来是可以避免的。孩子们仍然处于震惊中——他们需要大量的心理援助。”

发布于：贵州省

益升网配资提示：文章来自网络，不代表本站观点。